A non-destructive chemical analysis employing nitric acid, and sometimes hydrochloric acid, determines the purity and karatage of gold. Different concentrations of acid react differently with various gold alloys, revealing the proportion of pure gold present in the sample. For example, 14-karat gold will exhibit a different reaction than 18-karat gold when exposed to the testing solution. The observed color changes and reactions help establish the gold content.
This method provides a fast and relatively inexpensive means of verifying gold authenticity and purity. It has historical significance in assaying and has been a crucial tool for goldsmiths, jewelers, and investors for generations. Accurate purity assessment ensures fair pricing and prevents fraud within the gold market. It also aids in the proper identification and valuation of antique and historical gold artifacts.